城市地震次生火灾研究综述

地震次生火灾是最易发生、破坏性最大的地震次生灾害。详细分析了地震次生火灾起火、蔓延与震后消防扑救的特性，并据此提出了地震次生火灾研究的3个关键主题：震后起火、火灾蔓延和震后消防扑救。针对这3个主题，对国内外的相关研究进行了完整的介绍和深入的评论。通过评论，为进一步研究提出了地震次生火灾研究中的不足、难点、重点和思路。     

Comparison of the Chemical Composition of Mineral Particles Collected in Dunhuang,China and those Collected in the Free Troposphere over Japan: Possible Chemical Modification during Long-Range Transport

The Asian continent is recognized as one of the most important sources of mineral (or soil) particles. These particles have a large potential to effect global changes through the biogeochemical cycle of particulates and through radiative balance (IPCC Third Assessment Report, 2001). Therefore, comparison of particle compositions near the source region and those after long-range transport is important in understanding the long-range particle transport phenomenon. Individual aerosolparticles were collected in Dunhuang (40°09N; 94°41E), China. Particles were collected at the campus of the Meteorological Bureau of Dunhuang City (17 August 2001) and near the Mogao Grots, located approximately 30 km from Dunhuang (18 August 2001, 18 October 2001 and 13 January 2002) using a two-stage low-volume impactor. The morphology of individual aerosol particles and their elemental compositions were examined via a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi, S-3000N) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer (Horiba, EMAX-500). The particles collected at these locations were comprised primarily of minerals, with the exception of sulphateparticles in the submicron range that were contained in thesample collected on 18 October 2001 (likely, ammonium sulphate). The most abundant elements were found to be Si and Al. Approximately 46–77% of the collected particles were Si-richparticles (composed primarily of quartz and aluminosilicate),and 13–41% of the collected particles were Ca-rich particles,such as calcite (CaCO₃), dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂),and gypsum (CaSO₄2H₂O). The fractions of Fe-rich, Mg-rich, Ti-rich, K-rich, and Cl-rich were 3–10, 0–7, 0–3, 0–1, and 0–1%, respectively. Similar types of mineral particles were found in the free troposphere over Japan(Trochkine et al., 2002). A number of differences were found to exist between the particles collected in China and thosecollected in Japan, and these differences can be explained bychemical modification of the particles during transport fromChina to Japan.     

Features in Number Concentration-Size Distributions of Aerosols in the Free Atmosphere over the Desert Areas in the Asian Continent: Balloon-Borne Measurements at Dunhuang,China

Vertical changes of aerosol concentration and size in the freetroposphere over the Asian desert areas were firstly observed using a balloon-borne optical particle counter at DunHuang, China (40°00N, 94°30E) (17 August and 17 October 2001, and 11 January 2002). In the free troposphere highly concentrated aerosol layers were frequentlyobserved, suggesting the importance of regional scale particletransportation over the Asian continent. Concentration ofparticles with a diameter larger than 0.15 m was about 5–10particles cm^-3 in the free troposphere.Particle number-size distribution in the free troposphereshows important contribution of super micron particles. Regionalscale transportation, in addition to diffusion of soil particlesfrom the lower atmosphere to the free troposphere through localand small scale air motions, is suggested by backward trajectoryanalysis of air masses containing super micron particles. The importance of horizontal transport of coarse size particles in the free troposphere was strongly suggested.Thickness of the boundary mixing layer, from distributions ofparticle concentration, was about 4 km in summer (17 August 2001)and apparently higher than the height of layers in fall (17 October2001) and in winter (11 January 2002), which suggest an active mixingof particles near the boundary in summer. In winter measurement(11 January 2002), strong inversion was found in the vertical profile of temperature, suggesting cold ground surface and vertically stable atmosphere near the ground.     

Functional wildlife parks: The views of Kenyan children who live with them

This study reports on Kenyan school children's ideas about wildlife parks in their country. A comparison is made between the responses of school children in primary school, before they receive any science education, and those of secondary school pupils at the end of the secondary cycle. The findings show little difference between the two groups of students in terms of their ideas about wildlife parks. This has serious implications for science and environmental education in Kenya. Parks are understood by these pupils in terms of real life issues, as derived from social consequences. The children's ideas are all based on the role that parks play in society, but the function of parks to support biodiversity conservation does not seem to be important to the students. While it is satisfying to note that the school children have a good understanding of parks in their social context, it is essential to address fully the scientific and ecological role of parks in order that biodiversity becomes more valued in our society.     

新型复合混凝剂CD的研制及其对含油废水的混凝效果

用铝矾土、铝酸钙、六水三氯化铁和盐酸为原料制备新型复合混凝剂CD，考察了其混凝性能，讨论了混凝机理。制备复合混凝剂CD的最佳工艺条件：合成反应时间2h，合成反应pH约4．0，产品的盐基度约80％。混凝实验结果表明：复合混凝剂CD对含油废水的混凝处理效果优于混凝剂聚合氯化铝和聚合硫酸铁；复合混凝剂CD对废水pH（6～9）和废水温度（5～30℃）的适用范围较宽，由傅里叶红外光谱可推断复合混凝剂CD是由多种元素构成的无机高分子聚合物。     

我国的主要气象灾害及防御对策

介绍了我国主要气象灾害和气象衍生灾害的种类、分布地区以及气象灾害所造成经济损失情况及特点。从工程性和非工程性措施两方面分析了我国气象灾害防御现状和存在问题,并从建立气象防灾减灾法律保障体系、确保资金投入、完善防御体系、加强科研开发和信息共享提高灾害预警水平、加强合作与交流开展主动防御、提高全社会防灾能力等6个方面提出了相应的防御对策。     

Secondary pollution from sediment and red tide occurrence

ＳｅｃｏｎｄａｒｙｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｆｒｏｍｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔａｎｄｒｅｄｔｉｄｅｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅＣｈｅｎＣｉｍｅｉ；ＬｉＹｕｅｌｉｎｇ；ＷｕＹｕｄｕａｎＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＯｃａｅａｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ＸｉａｍｅｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，ｘｉａｍ...     

中国原油的地球化学特征——兼论中国原油的有机与无机来源

中国大庆、辽河、大港、新疆等油区原油的地球化学组成显示以下特征 :含有地壳稀少而地球深部丰富的元素 ,如Re、In、Cd、Ag、Au等 ;含有生物质平均成分不见的元素 ,如Be、Ga、Zr、Nb、Sb、Te、Hf、Ta、W、Tl、Bi、Th等 ;含有较多的亲石元素 ,如Ca、Mg、K、Na、V、Li、Be、B、Ti、Cr、Mn、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Cs、Ba、Hf、Ta、W、Th、U等 ;原油的正烷烃结构具有奇偶优势与不显奇偶优势的特征 ,不显奇偶优势的原油沿基底断裂分布。地球化学特征是矿产资源形成途径的示踪标志。中国原油中含有生物质中不见的元素 ,说明原油可能有来自非生物成因的油源 ;含有地壳稀少而地球深部丰富的元素 ,说明原油可能有来自地球深部成因的油源 ;含有较多的亲石元素 ,说明原油可能不是从生油岩中排出的 ,而是从非岩石结构的地球深部流体中分异后聚集在岩石结构的孔隙中而形成油层的。原油的正烷烃结构显示的奇偶优势被认为系生物成因的油源 ,而不显奇偶优势被认为是甲烷石油 (即来自地球深部的无机成因油源 ) ,不显奇偶优势的油样均沿基底断裂分布 ,正旁证了地球深部来源的可能性。     

投加无机营养盐对污泥好氧消化的影响

试验研究表明,投加无机营养盐可强化剩余活性污泥好氧消化的效果.无机营养盐不仅提高了消化前期的污泥活性,加快了MLSS的降解速率,而且改善了污泥的沉降性能和过滤性能,并能使上清液COD值下降,硝化作用提前出现.     

UASB反应器常温下处理生活污水的二次启动研究

利用处理啤酒废水的颗粒污泥直接启动在常温下处理低浓度生活污水的UASB反应器,探讨其可行性,并研究污泥负荷,COD容积负荷,水力负荷及温度等参数对反应器启动的影响。